Intelligent Resource Management for eMBB and URLLC in 5G and beyond Wireless Networks

Copyright © 2023 The Authors. In the era of 5G and beyond wireless networks, the simultaneous support of enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) and Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communications (URLLC) poses significant challenges in managing radio resources efficiently. By leveraging the puncturing technique, we propose an intelligent resource management framework for meeting the strict latency and reliability requirement of URLLC services and the high data rate for eMBB services. In particular, a semi-supervised learning and deep reinforcement learning (DRL) based architecture is proposed to manage the resources intelligently. We decompose the optimization problem into two subproblems: 1) resource block allocation (RBA) strategy for eMBB slice, and 2) URLLC scheduling. Through extensive simulations and performance evaluations, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique in optimizing resource utilization, minimizing latency for URLLC users, and maximizing the throughput for eMBB services. Simulation findings demonstrate that the proposed methodology can ensure the URLLC reliability requirements while maintaining higher average sum rate for eMBB and higher convergence rate. The proposed framework paves the way for the efficient coexistence of diverse services, enabling wireless network operators to optimize resource allocation, improve user experience, and meet the specific requirements of eMBB and URLLC applications.10.13039/501100000266-Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) U.K.-India Future Networks Initiative (Grant Number: ref-EP/W016524/1) 10.13039/501100000736-University of East Anglia in U.K

Ubiquitylation of the ER-Shaping Protein Lunapark via the CRL3KLHL12 Ubiquitin Ligase Complex

Summary: Cullin-RING ligases (CRLs) control key cellular processes by promoting ubiquitylation of a multitude of soluble cytosolic and nuclear proteins. Subsets of CRL complexes are recruited and activated locally at cellular membranes; however, few CRL functions and substrates at these distinct cellular compartments are known. Here, we use a proteomic screen to identify proteins that are ubiquitylated at cellular membranes and found that Lunapark, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-shaping protein localized to ER three-way junctions, is ubiquitylated by the CRL3KLHL12 ubiquitin ligase. We demonstrate that Lunapark interacts with mechanistic target of rapamycin complex-1 (mTORC1), a central cellular regulator that coordinates growth and metabolism with environmental conditions. We show that mTORC1 binds Lunapark specifically at three-way junctions, and lysosomes, where mTORC1 is activated, make contact with three-way junctions where Lunapark resides. Inhibition of Lunapark ubiquitylation results in neurodevelopmental defects indicating that KLHL12-dependent ubiquitylation of Lunapark is required for normal growth and development

Performance of multicell joint processing planar cellular uplink in the presence of relay nodes

In this paper we compare the uplink performance of various deployment scenarios in the planar (hexagonal) cellular system where the received signals at multiple cells are jointly processed by a central processor. A mathematical model of the planar cellular system is presented and its performance metric is based on information theoretic sum rate, and group rate share. The system deployment is as follows; the density of the base station is decreased, relay node replaces alternate base stations and in the last scenario, alternate bases stations are removed while the left over base stations are equipped with an additional antenna. It is observed that reduction in the density of base stations resulted in reduction in the achievable sum rate and makes the group rate unfair. The introduction of additional antenna resulted in an improvement in the rate (compared with the reduction in density scenario) without any improvement in group rate fairness to cell user at the cell edge. The replacement of base stations with relay node and the implementation of orthogonal amplify and forward scheme resulted in a reduction in the achievable sum rate however it produced a significant improvement in group rate fairness. The result suggest that relay deployment in multicell joint processing system does not improve the sum rate of the system rather it improves the rate share for cell edge users making the user rate distribution fairer

Closed-form Approximation for the Trade-Off between Energy Efficiency and Spectral Efficiency in the Uplink of Cellular Network

In this paper we propose a tight closed-form approximation of the Energy Efficiency vs. Spectral Efficiency (EE-SE) trade-off for the uplink of a cellular communication system. We model the uplink of the cellular system by considering the Wyner model with Raleigh fading. We first demonstrate the accuracy of our expression by comparing it with Monte-Carlo simulation and the EE-SE trade-off expression based on lowpower approximation. Results show the great tightness of our expression with Monte-Carlo simulation. We utilize our closed-form for assessing the EE performance of base station (BS) cooperation against non-cooperative system for both a theoretical power model and a realistic power model. The theoretical power model includes only the transmit power, whereas the realistic power model incorporates the backhaul and signal processing powers in addition of the transmit power. Results indicate that BS cooperation is more energy efficient than non cooperative system and the former always outperforms the latter in terms of EE-SE trade-off. This is however no more the case with the realistic power model: the EE performance is then highly dependent on the number of cooperating BSs

On the energy efficiency-spectral efficiency trade-off of distributed MIMO systems

In this paper, the trade-off between energy efficiency (EE) and spectral efficiency (SE) is analyzed for both the uplink and downlink of the distributed multiple-input multiple-output (DMIMO) system over the Rayleigh fading channel while considering different types of power consumption models (PCMs). A novel tight closed-form approximation of the DMIMO EE-SE trade-off is presented and a detailed analysis is provided for the scenario with practical antenna configurations. Furthermore, generic and accurate low and high-SE approximations of this trade-off are derived for any number of radio access units (RAUs) in both the uplink and downlink channels. Our expressions have been utilized for assessing both the EE gain of DMIMO over co-located MIMO (CMIMO) and the incremental EE gain of DMIMO in the downlink channel. Our results reveal that DMIMO is more energy efficient than CMIMO for cell edge users in both the idealistic and realistic PCMs; whereas in terms of the incremental EE gain, connecting the user terminal to only one RAU is the most energy efficient approach when a realistic PCM is considered. © 1972-2012 IEEE

Downlink Sum-rate Performance for Cooperation and Coordination between Three Interfering Sectors

In this paper we investigate the performance of various transmission schemes for the downlink cellular system. These schemes are either biased towards interference minimisation or the efficient utilisation of the available resources. A mathematical model for the various schemes is presented and the performance measure is based on the information theoretic sum rate and the user rate share. The identified schemes are: avoid intra-cell and tolerate inter-cell interference, full orthogonality, single cell cooperation, cooperation for critical users only and the full cooperation scheme. Two categories of users are identified in this paper: non critical users which are close to the base station and the critical user which are at the cell boundary. It is observed that the full cooperation provides an upper bound on the achievable sum rate and has a user rate distribution whose fairness can be improved by allocating more power to the critical users. The full orthogonality scheme has the fairest user rate distribution and much lower achievable sum rate compared with the full cooperation. The performance of the cooperation of critical user scheme can approach the upper bound of full cooperation scheme with lower complexity

Performance of Multicell Joint Processing Planar Cellular Uplink in the Presence of Relay Nodes

In this paper we compare the uplink performance of various deployment scenarios in the planar (hexagonal) cellular system where the received signals at multiple cells are jointly processed by a central processor. A mathematical model of the planar cellular system is presented and its performance metric is based on information theoretic sum rate, and group rate share. The system deployment is as follows; the density of the base station is decreased, relay node replaces alternate base stations and in the last scenario, alternate bases stations are removed while the left over base stations are equipped with an additional antenna. It is observed that in reduction in the density of base stations resulted in reduction in the achievable sum rate and makes the group rate unfair. The introduction of additional antenna resulted in an improvement in the rate (compared with the reduction in density scenario) without any improvement in group rate fairness to cell user at the cell edge. The replacement of base stations with relay node and the implementation of orthogonal amplify and forward scheme resulted in a reduction in the achievable sum rate however it produced a significant improvement in group rate fairness. The result suggest that relay deployment in multicell joint processing system does not improve the sum rate of the system rather it improves the rate share for cell edge users making the user rate distribution fairer

Closed-form Approximation for the Trade-Off between Energy Efficiency and Spectral Efficiency in the Uplink of Cellular Network

In this paper we propose a tight closed-form approximation of the Energy Efficiency vs. Spectral Efficiency (EE-SE) trade-off for the uplink of a cellular communication system. We model the uplink of the cellular system by considering the Wyner model with Raleigh fading. We first demonstrate the accuracy of our expression by comparing it with Monte-Carlo simulation and the EE-SE trade-off expression based on lowpower approximation. Results show the great tightness of our expression with Monte-Carlo simulation. We utilize our closed-form for assessing the EE performance of base station (BS) cooperation against non-cooperative system for both a theoretical power model and a realistic power model. The theoretical power model includes only the transmit power, whereas the realistic power model incorporates the backhaul and signal processing powers in addition of the transmit power. Results indicate that BS cooperation is more energy efficient than non cooperative system and the former always outperforms the latter in terms of EE-SE trade-off. This is however no more the case with the realistic power model: the EE performance is then highly dependent on the number of cooperating BSs

Trade-off between Energy Efficiency and Spectral Efficiency in the uplink of a linear cellular system with uniformly distributed user terminals

In this paper, we propose a tight closed-form approximation of the Energy Efficiency vs. Spectral Efficiency (EE-SE) trade-off for the uplink of a linear cellular communication system with base station cooperation and uniformly distributed user terminals. We utilize the doubly-regular property of the channel to obtain a closed form approximation using the Marˇcenko Pasture law. We demonstrate the accuracy of our expression by comparing it with Monte-Carlo simulation and the EE-SE trade-off expression based on low-power approximation. Results show the great tightness of our expression with Monte-Carlo simulation.We utilize our closed form expression for assessing the EE performance of cooperation for both theoretical and realistic power models. The theoretical power model includes only the transmit power, whereas the realistic power model incorporates the backhaul and signal processing power in addition to the transmit power. Results indicate that for both power models, increasing the number of antennas leads to an improvement in EE performance, whereas, increasing the number of cooperating BSs results in a loss in EE when considering the realistic power model

On the energy efficiency-spectral efficiency trade-off in the uplink of CoMP system

In this paper, we derive a generic closed-form approximation (CFA) of the energy efficiency-spectral efficiency (EE-SE) trade-off for the uplink of coordinated multi-point (CoMP) system and demonstrate its accuracy for both idealistic and realistic power consumption models (PCMs). We utilize our CFA to compare CoMP against conventional non-cooperative system with orthogonal multiple access. In the idealistic PCM, CoMP is more energy efficient than non-cooperative system due to a reduction in power consumption; whereas in the realistic PCM, CoMP can also be more energy efficient but due to an improvement in SE and mainly for cell-edge communication and small cell deployment. © 2012 IEEE